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OPTIONS:3+3 [Hydration * Specific Gravity]. S.H. Shakman
A. Agreement (w/in 10%) between observed and calculated
conductivity values for majority of (49) positive ions per 1987
AAAS Abstract #111 (see [B]) may be extended to
majority of total 108 ions in CRC 1985, D167, when 3rd hydrational assumption is
allowed (max-per-Flint)/2. Ions in each of 3 below groups often
relate sequentially &/or thru Mendeleev.:- Hydration # [H]=zero for all 12 listed positive lanthanide ions; H+,OH-; Cs+,Rb+; SO3-2,SO4-2,S2O4-2;
- H=maximum-per-Flint for Li+[H=19],Na+[11],K+[3]; Be++[17],Mg++[9],Sr++[6]; HPO4-2[23],H2PO4-[21],H2PO2-[14];
- (H=max-per-Flint)/2 for Mn++[H=19/2],Fe++[18/2],Co++[17 /2],Ni++[16/2],Cu++[15/2],Zn++[14/2]; F-[15/2],HF-[5/2],Cl- [H=7/2],ClO2-[14/2],ClO3-[6/2],BrO3-[11/2],IO3-[16/2].
Abegg & Bodlander in 1899[Z.Anorg. Chem.20,491] thought resp. conductivities evidenced anhydrous H+ & OH- ions; Flint indicated such for H+,Rb+,Cs+ w/Cl- [1932,p.233].
Bousfield in 1906[Phil.Trans.206A,124] posited H=3.5 for Cl-.
B. Flint in 1964 [Behavior Patterns...,Chs.3,15] derived hydrated volume (Vh) as a function of anhydrous (Wa) and hydrated (Wh) wts. [Vh=Wh/(1+Wa/Wh)]; subtracted Vh in cc from 1000 to derive volume of free water in a 1-liter solution; added same free-water amount in grams to wt. of hydrated solute; and divided result by 1000 to calculate specific gravity.
Curiously Flint used 2 distinct methods to determine ratio (Wa/Wh) in above equation for Vh:
- ratio for total molecule [this method is used in 1987 AAAS Abstract#113 ([G]] &
- average of individual ionic ratios.
- individual ionic hydrated volumes might be summed.
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Copyright 1988
S H
Shakman. All rights reserved.